Efficient irrigation systems deliver water and nutrients directly to plant root zones. Drip irrigation provides precise water delivery with 90-95% efficiency. Overhead sprinklers offer uniform coverage for foliar irrigation. Sub irrigation systems water from below through capillary action. Irrigation scheduling based on evapotranspiration rates prevents overwatering. Soil moisture sensors trigger irrigation when levels drop below set points. Fertigation systems inject fertilizers directly into irrigation water. Water recycling systems capture and treat runoff for reuse. Modern irrigation reduces water consumption by 30-50% compared to field farming.